Outdoor Guide in Finnish Lapland

16.1.2025

Monografia

Tommi Haapakangas, Students

Books in English

Welcome to the Outdoor Guide Book

This guidebook is designed to serve as a comprehensive resource for outdoor enthusiasts and guides navigating the breathtaking and delicate landscapes of Finland, particularly Lapland and other nature-rich areas. Whether you’re a seasoned guide or a newcomer, this book provides essential information to ensure your experiences in nature are safe, respectful, and enriching.

Through detailed chapters, you’ll learn about Everyman’s Rights—the freedoms and responsibilities unique to exploring Finland’s countryside—as well as best practices for respecting the environment, local wildlife, and cultural heritage. From understanding national park regulations and campfire rules to navigating extreme weather conditions and ensuring personal safety, this guide offers the tools needed for responsible and enjoyable outdoor adventures.In addition, this guide highlights the importance of respecting the Sámi culture, the only recognized Indigenous people of Europe.

By following these guidelines, you’ll foster a deeper connection to Finland’s natural and cultural treasures while protecting them for future generations.Whether your journey takes you through serene forests, icy rivers, or rugged mountain trails, we hope this guide enriches your adventures and inspires you to cherish the beauty of Finland’s outdoors. Happy exploring and remember nature thrives when we treat it with care.

Authors

Lapland University of Applied Sciences:
Aino Turunen (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Anna-Mari Nuorala (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Anna Tissari (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Essi Hinkula (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Julia Haulivuori (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Julia Vuolli (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Kalle Tuovila (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Katri Hyvönen (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Laura Kolehmainen (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Roni Laine (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Tommi Haapakangas, MCs (Sports), Senior Lecturer
Vea Puroranta (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Veeti Hakkinen (Student of Bachelor of Sports)

PXL education
Ianthe De Marie (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Maarten Van Brussel (Student of Bachelor of Sports)

Fontys University of Applied sciences
Sara Wiekart: (Student of Bachelor of Sports)

Kempten University of Applied sciences
Celine Gauter-Neugirg (Student of Bachelor of Tourism)

University of South-Eastern Norway
Rasmus Nørvald (Student of Bachelor of Outdoor Sports)

University of Lleida
Joan Monzon Bret (Student of Bachelor of Sports)
Sergio Benito Miguel (Student of Bachelor of Sports)

Edited By
Tiia Ahola Master of arts (Education), Senior Lecturer, Lapland University of Applied Sciences
Tommi Haapakangas Master of MCs (Sports), Senior Lecturer, Lapland University of Applied Sciences

Labour Laws for Seasonal Workers in Finland

Finland has specific regulations governing the employment of foreign seasonal workers. These rules ensure fair treatment, compliance with employment standards, and adherence to immigration laws.

Seasonal Work Definition

Seasonal work refers to tasks that are dependent on the time of year and the climate, such as:

Agriculture and forestry (e.g., berry picking, planting, or harvesting crops).
Tourism-related services (e.g., ski resorts, camping grounds).

Seasonal work in Finland can be undertaken for a maximum of 9 months within a 12-month period.

Work Permits and Visas

Seasonal Work Permit

Required for stays longer than 3 months.
The permit is job-specific and linked to the employer.
Applications are submitted through the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri).

Seasonal Work Visa

Required for stays of 3 months or less for workers outside the EU/EEA.
Visa applications are processed through Finnish embassies.

EU/EEA Nationals

Workers from EU/EEA countries do not require a visa or permit but must register their right to work if staying over 3 months.

Employment Contracts

Seasonal workers must receive a written employment contract that includes:

Job description and responsibilities.
Duration of the contract.
Wages and payment terms.
Working hours and conditions.

Wages and Working Hours

Minimum Wage: Seasonal workers are entitled to wages set by collective agreements in the relevant sector (e.g., agriculture).
Working Hours: Generally capped at 40 hours per week unless otherwise specified in the collective agreement. Overtime work must be compensated.

Rights and Protections

Seasonal workers are entitled to the same workplace protections as local workers, including health and safety measures.
Workers must have access to healthcare services and be provided adequate accommodation if part of the employment agreement.

Taxation of Seasonal Workers in Finland

Taxation for seasonal workers is regulated by Finnish tax laws and depends on the worker’s residency status and length of stay.

Residency Status for Tax Purposes

Non-Resident Workers (Staying Less Than 6 Months)

Subject to a 30% flat tax on income (with certain deductions, such as €510 per month).
Workers can apply for a Finnish tax card to ensure correct taxation.
No social security contributions are typically required.

Resident Workers (Staying Over 6 Months)

Taxed progressively on worldwide income under Finland’s income tax system.
Social security contributions, such as pension and health insurance, are mandatory unless an exemption applies.

Tax Identification

Seasonal workers must obtain a Finnish personal identity code for taxation purposes.
Employers are responsible for registering workers with the Finnish Tax Administration.

Filing and Documentation

Employers are required to deduct taxes at source and report earnings to the Tax Administration.
Workers staying beyond six months must file an annual income tax return.

Eligibility for Finnish social security depends on the worker’s country of origin and length of stay.

Workers from EU/EEA countries or nations with bilateral agreements (e.g., social security treaties) may be exempt from certain Finnish contributions.
Non-EEA workers may need to contribute unless covered by exemptions or treaties.

Compliance and Penalties

Employers must comply with both labor and tax regulations, including:

Providing accurate employment details to authorities.
Ensuring fair wages and conditions.

Violations can result in fines, legal action, or revocation of work permits.

This framework is subject to periodic updates. For the most accurate and current information, consult:

The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri).
The Finnish Tax Administration.
Relevant sector-specific collective agreements.

Everyman’s Rights – What is allowed and not allowed in nature

Photo: Lapland UAS

Everman’s rights means all people have the right to enjoy nature anywhere in Finnish countryside, regardless of who owns the area or is its holder. In order to use nature within the limits allowed by everyone’s rights, you do not need the permission of the landowner and you do not have to pay anything for using the rights.

Acting according to everyman’s right must not cause more than minor harm to the landowner, land use or nature.

The legal concept of “Everyman’s Right” in Finland extends immense freedom to roam but comes with some serious responsibilities. It means having mutual respect for nature, people and properties.

In nature conservation areas, such as national parks and nature reserves, everyman’s rights are not valid as such. Special regulations can limit activities such as camping, hunting, using motor vehicles, and moving through sensitive areas during the nesting season.

According to Everyman’s rights everyone is…

Allowed to:

Walk, ski, cycle, or horseback ride freely (except very near homes and other private buildings or through farm fields and nursery plantations which could easily be damaged)
Camp out temporarily a reasonable distance from homes
Pick wild berries, mushrooms and flowers, as long as they are not protected species
Fish with a simple rod and line (Fishing and ice fishing are prohibited in some waters . You can check the restrictions at the kalastusrajoitus.fi
Use boats, swim or bathe in inland waters and the sea
Walk, ski, or drive a motor vehicle or fish on frozen lakes, rivers, and the sea
All the above can be restricted or forbidden in national parks and other nature reserves during certain seasons or year-round to protect sensitive areas and threatened species of plants or animals. Please pay close attention to any restrictions.

Is not allowed to:

Disturb people or damage property
Disturb reindeer, game, breeding birds, their nests or young
Disturb wild fauna
Let pet off leash (in places such as swimming beach, playgrounds, populated areas, fitness trails or someone else’s property)
Keep the dog off leash 1.3. – 19.8. in between (with some exceptions (finlex.fi))
cut down or damage trees
collect moss, lichen, or fallen trees from other people’s property
light open campfires without permission, except in an emergency
disturb people’s privacy by camping too near them or making too much noise
leave litter
drive motor vehicles off road without the landowner’s permission
hunt without the relevant permits
fish with nets, traps, or a reel and lure without the relevant permits

Everyone’s rights in nature reserves

In protected areas, the Nature Conservation Act gives the possibility to restrict movement in order to achieve the protection goal of the area.

Movement can be restricted if it is necessary to preserve the fauna or flora of the area. Camping can be restricted or completely prohibited.

Such restrictions can be found in the zoning provisions of the establishment decision of the area or in its rules of procedure. However, the different nature reserve types differ quite a lot in this topic.

National Parks:

It is generally allowed to move freely by muscle strength, except for restricted parts.
Camping is only allowed in designated places.
Picking berries, picking mushrooms, angling and ice fishing is allowed.
Forms of movement that are part of everyone’s right, such as horse riding, cycling and dog sledding, are usually only allowed on routes designated for that purpose.

Mire Reserves:

Everyman’s rights are usually not limited in any way.
Movement and camping are free, as are mushroom picking, picking berries and gathering plants.
Some of the wetland conservation areas have restrictions and movement is prohibited during bird nesting time.

Smaller reserves:

(For example, protected areas of Old-growth forests and Herb-rich forests)

Camping prohibited.
Movement is free, as is picking berries and mushrooms.

Strict Nature Reserves and Seal Reserves:

Movement is only allowed with the permission of Metsähallitus.
The exceptions are the nature parks through which the hiking route passes. You must not deviate from the route.
In the nature parks of Kevo and Sompio, unlike other nature parks, it is possible to camp in designated places.

Sources

Jokaisenoikeudet ja –velvollisuudet. Metsähallitus. Viitattu 24.9.2024
https://www.luontoon.fi/jokaisenoikeudet
Everyman’s right. Metsähallitus Viitattu 24.9.2024
https://www.nationalparks.fi/everymansright

Respecting the Environment

Photo: Lapland UAS

Considering the fragile Arctic nature

Most of Lapland is an arctic region, if the northern polar circle is used as the southern border of the region. Northern Finland is a subarctic region.

The Arctic is a diverse region whose annual cycle is punctuated by a strong variation in the amount of light. The further north you are, the more cloudy days in winter and nightless nights in summer. In the Arctic region, winters are long and the growing season is short. Arctic land areas cover only about 5 percent of the Earth’s land areas.

In terms of diversity, expanding human activity is a risk and increases the pressure on the environment on Arctic nature. Populations are decreasing as a result of habitat fragmentation.

By understanding arctic nature and its sensitivity, we can enjoy arctic nature in the future as well. For every visitor it is recommended to familiarize themselves with Outdoor etiquette, Everyman’s rights and Outdoor Etiquette For The Homeland Of The Sámi.

Important points from Outdoor Etiquette For The Homeland Of The Sámi

Outdoor etiquette

Respect nature – Leave no trace.
Mainly use marked trails.
Camp only where it is allowed,
Make fire only where it is allowed.

Arctic nature

Cherish the Sensitive Arctic Nature.
Catch And Collect Natural Products, Such As Game, Fish And Berries And Other Natural Products Only As Much As You Need For Your Use.
Protect the waters in the Arctic wilderness from excessive disturbances, for example by avoiding swimming in small fell lakes.
Do not wash dishes or yourself directly in or near the water system. Pour dishwashing water into the ground far enough away from the water system.
If no toilet is available, do your business sufficiently far away from water bodies and cover your waste. Do not leave toilet paper where the wind could grab it but cover it.

The Sámi Cultural Environment

Respect local traditions, hunting culture, and prey.
Do not make new paths or alter the Sámi cultural landscapes.
Do not damage the cultural environment and cultural heritage sites – you are allowed to look but please don’t touch.
Do not treat the cultural environment like a guest book by writing on walls or the ground, and do not move or pile rocks.
Locals may have special rights that may differ from your rights. Locals often have good reasons for more extensive rights regarding e.g. off-road traffic, fishing and hunting.

Reindeer

Don’t approach the reindeer – leave them alone
Do Not Approach Reindeer With A Dog
Let The Reindeer Graze In Peace. Do Not Scare The Reindeer.
Let Reindeer Herders Work In Peace.
Even Reindeer That Are Kept In Paddocks Near Settlements Are Not There For Tourists. Reindeer and reindeer paddocks must not be approached without the permission of the reindeer owner.

Favour authentic local services

Buy Responsible And Ethically Sustainable Local Products And Services
Buy Responsible And Ethical Souvenirs And Other Products Made Of Local Raw Materials.

Sources

Arktinen Keskus. Lapin Yliopisto. Viitattu 24.9.2024 https://www.arcticcentre.org/FI/arktinenalue https://www.arcticcentre.org/FI/arktinenalue/biodiversiteetti/arktinen-biodiversiteetti Saamelaisalueen retkietiketti.Metsähallitus. Viitattu 24.9.2024 https://www.luontoon.fi/saamelaisalueenetiketti Retkietiketti. Metsähallitus. Viitattu 24.9.2024
https://www.luontoon.fi/retkietiketti

Hunting and Fishing – Permits and regulations

Photo: Tommi Haapakangas

Hunting permission

In addition to a valid hunting licence, a hunter arriving in Finland may need a hunting permit and a shooting test certificate, as well as a licence to bring a firearm or dog into the country. The best way to proceed is for the Finnish hunter host to help their guest in acquiring these permits and licences.

Every year some two thousand foreign hunters visit Finland. Elk-hunting and fowling in particular bring hunting tourists to the country. The brochure Hunting in Finland provides more information on the subject. It is available in Finnish, Swedish, English, German and Russian.

The right to hunt in Finland and a permit to hunt in a certain area are important. A Finnish hunting licence can be granted to a foreign hunter for one year at a time. To get a Finnish hunting licence, a foreign hunter is required to present a hunting licence that is valid in their home country, or some other reliable documentation that proves that they have the right to hunt in their homeland. Without such proof, a foreign hunter will be required to acquire a Finnish hunting qualification in order to hunt in Finland.

Foreign hunters are also required to have a hunting permit for the specific area where they intend to hunt. Hunting permits are sold or given by hunting rights holders, such as landowners, hunting clubs and, for state-owned land, the state forest enterprise Metsähallitus.

A certificate of a successful shooting test is recommended although not always compulsory. When hunting deer species or bear with a rifled firearm, a foreign hunter may act as a shooter if they have a shooting test certificate or the right to hunt game of similar size.

We recommend that a Finnish host acquires a Finnish shooting test certificate for their guest at the same time as they order a Finnish hunting licence. For this purpose, a valid certificate of a successful shooting test taken in Finland or another country is to be delivered to the Coordinator of Activities of the local game management association, or failing that, documentation of the foreign hunter’s right to hunt game of similar size in their home country.

If the hunter has no shooting test certificate or cannot provide acceptable documentation, they will need to take a Finnish shooting test, according to current regulations. Shooting tests are organised by game management associations, especially in the summer and early autumn.

Successful performances earn a certificate which will be valid for three years from the date of the test. Although not required by law, we recommend acquiring a shooting test certificate for a foreign hunter also in other cases. For someone intending to participate in elk-hunting in Finland, for example, a visit to a shooting range and practice at hitting a Finnish elk silhouette target is good preparation for the hunt itself. Having the certificate with you in the forest also makes it easier to supervise the hunt.

Bringing dogs and firearms to Finland is also subject to licence. A foreign hunter can bring a hunting dog with them. Importation requirements vary according to the country where the dog comes from. You can learn about the current requirements on the website of the Finnish Food Safety Authority Ruokavirasto.

A hunting tourist can also use their own firearms and cartridges when hunting in Finland. As with importing hunting dogs, the regulations regarding these also vary according to the country of origin. The police authorities provide more information about importing firearms and the licences required for firearms (www.poliisi.fi). A tourist can also borrow the necessary hunting equipment from their Finnish host.

Region-specific further information can be obtained from the Game Manager or the Coordinators of Activities of the regional game management associations; see contact information (in Finnish).

Hunting examinations and shooting tests in the near future: tapahtumat.riista.fi

Fishing permissions

Finland has extensive general fishing rights and good fishing opportunities. General fishing rights include lure fishing with one rod and lure that is subject to the fisheries management fee and free-of-charge angling, ice fishing and using a rig to fish for herring.

In some waters however, fishing is restricted. The Fishing Restriction Service contains information on which areas are outside general fishing rights. The service includes water areas where angling, ice fishing and lure fishing have been restricted by the Fishing Act and decisions of the ELY Centres. The authority has marked migratory fish waters in the service based on current information. The map service also contains the protected water areas under the Nature Conservation Act, fishing restrictions to protect the Saimaa ringed seal, other fishing restrictions for migratory fish waters, the new decisions by ELY Centres restricting fishing in accordance with the Fishing Act, and areas where fishing is regulated by the fishing rules of local border rivers.

The Fishing Restriction Service is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry together with the ELY Centres. Information on the restrictions are updated on weekdays. The fishing restriction areas displayed in the service are not legally binding.

Photo: Lapland UAS

Sources

https://riista.fi
https://kalastusrajoitus.fi/#/kalastusrajoitus

National Parks and Trails

Photo: Lapland UAS

How to behave in national parks

Respecting nature, getting around, camping, lighting fires and litter-free hiking – once you have mastered these, you are ready to head outdoors. Take note of the summarised tips for outdoor etiquette and always check the detailed rules of your excursion destination as well.
Respect nature – leave no trace in it. Keep pets on a leash. Observe animals and their young from a sufficient distance. Show consideration for plants. Plants being trampled is a problem in many places. Collecting plants is not permitted in protected areas. Building rock piles is harmful to nature and disrespectful of cultural values.
Favour marked paths and follow rules that apply to different ways of moving about. Check the areas and times in which access is possibly restricted at your destination.
Only pitch your tent on sites where camping is allowed. Do not wash the dishes or yourself directly in a water body. Follow the rules of wilderness huts. Be considerate towards other hikers and those staying in the hut overnight. They may be tired after their day’s hike and wish to enjoy the peace and quiet of nature.
Only make fires where it is permitted and use a portable camping stove if you can. The person lighting a fire is always responsible for ensuring fire safety and extinguishing it. Do not make fire when the wildfire warning is in effect. Use the firewood on the campfire site sparingly.
Do not litter: take your rubbish back to an appropriate waste disposal point. A small amount of food waste may be disposed of in a composter or dry toilet, but not in other types of toilets, which may become blocked.

Source

https://www.nationalparks.fi/hikinginfinland/visitorguidelines

Campfire Rules

Photo: Lapland UAS

Regulations regarding campfires

Campfires are an important and enjoyable ritual of outdoor recreation. They are useful for preparing food, and the warmth they provide on a cold winter’s day is most welcome.

Here’s the revised text with the added details: In Finland, respecting nature is a core principle of outdoor activities, and campfires are no exception. While the famous “Everyman’s Right” (Jokamiehenoikeus) allows everyone to enjoy the outdoors, lighting a campfire comes with specific regulations designed to protect nature and prevent accidents.

Permission and Restrictions: A campfire may only be lit with the landowner’s permission unless you are in a designated campfire area, such as those found in national parks or recreational areas. These spots are carefully managed to minimize environmental impact.

Forest Fire Warnings: Always check the local forest fire warning status before lighting any fire.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute (Ilmatieteen laitos) issues warnings when weather conditions are too dry and the risk of wildfire is high. During such warnings, making campfires is strictly prohibited, even in designated areas.

Only in Designated Areas: In protected areas like national parks, campfires are permitted only in specifically marked fire pits or fireplaces. These areas are set up to reduce fire risk and prevent harm to the surrounding landscape.

Firewood Usage: Only use firewood provided at campsites or designated locations. Collecting firewood from the surrounding environment is prohibited, as this can disturb the ecosystem and damage local habitats.

Extinguishing Fires Properly: It is vital to completely extinguish the campfire before leaving the area. Use water to douse the fire, stir the ashes, and ensure that everything is cold to the touch. Even small embers can reignite and cause forest fires, so thorough extinguishing is crucial.

Waste Management: Never burn trash in the campfire. Burning waste releases harmful toxins and pollutes the environment. Pack out all waste or use designated bins where available.

In Emergencies: In life-threatening situations, like a survival scenario, you are permitted to light a fire even during restricted periods. However, this must always be done with extreme caution, keeping safety and the environment in mind.

By following these rules, you can ensure that your campfire is both safe and environmentally responsible, helping to preserve Lapland’s pristine wilderness for future generations.

Encountering Wildlife

Avoid disturbing wild animals

Lapland is home to a rich variety of wildlife, from reindeer and elk to elusive predators like wolves and bears. As a guide, one of your key responsibilities is to ensure that your group’s presence in the wild does not disturb these animals or their habitats.

Respect Wildlife by Keeping a Safe Distance: Wildlife should be observed from a distance. Approaching too closely can cause unnecessary stress, especially during critical times like breeding, nesting, or when animals have young. Use binoculars or zoom lenses to observe without intruding.

Do Not Feed the Animals: Feeding wildlife disrupts their natural behavior and can lead to long-term harm, as animals may become dependent on human food sources. Guides should strongly discourage any attempts to feed animals, even if it seems harmless.

Move Quietly and Avoid Sudden Movements: Guides and their groups should minimize noise and sudden movements while hiking through areas where wildlife may be present. This reduces the risk of startling animals, allowing them to continue their natural activities undisturbed.

Leave No Trace: The “Leave No Trace” principle is especially important when it comes to wildlife. Ensure that your group leaves habitats untouched and does not disturb nests, dens, or other areas where animals may seek shelter.

Guidelines for Specific Species: Provide your group with specific instructions for encountering common species:

Reindeer: Reindeer herds are semi-domesticated in Lapland. Always keep a safe distance from these animals, particularly during herding seasons, to avoid disturbing their natural behavior.
Birds and Nesting Areas: Many bird species in Lapland nest on the ground or in low vegetation. During nesting seasons, it’s critical to steer groups away from these sensitive areas to prevent disturbing the birds.
Predator Awareness: While encounters with predators like bears or wolves are rare, guides should educate their groups on how to react responsibly. Avoid running, stay calm, and back away slowly. Most predators will naturally avoid human contact if not threatened.
Wildlife Conservation Laws: Finland has strict wildlife protection laws, and guides should familiarize themselves with these regulations, especially concerning protected species or habitats. Following these laws helps ensure the preservation of Lapland’s biodiversity.

By adhering to these guidelines, guides can protect Lapland’s wildlife and foster a respectful relationship between visitors and nature.

Traveling on Private Land

Respecting landowners’ rights

When moving across private lands in Lapland, it’s important to recognize that while you’re enjoying the beauty of nature, you’re also a guest on someone’s property. Finland’s unique “Everyman’s Rights” allows you to wander freely through private lands and engage in activities like hiking, swimming, cycling, and berry picking. You may also fish using a hook and line or go ice fishing, and even pitch a tent in some areas. However, with these freedoms come responsibilities.

While landowners in Lapland are accustomed to people crossing their lands, they expect visitors to act with care and respect. Always maintain a respectful distance from homes, avoid camping too close to private residences, and never venture into gardens or yards. These areas are not covered under Everyman’s Rights, and intruding on them can disturb privacy, which is punishable by law. Repeatedly using someone’s yard or garden as a shortcut is also illegal.

Furthermore, respect the environment by not leaving any trash behind and avoid damaging the land. Activities that disturb the appearance of the land, like digging or unauthorized construction, are strictly prohibited.

Additionally, landowners have a legal obligation to ensure that safety regulations and fire precautions are followed in areas they manage. So, if you plan to make a campfire, be mindful of local fire safety rules.

In short, while Finland’s Everyman’s Rights provide wonderful freedoms, they rely on mutual respect between the visitor and the landowner. Always be considerate of both nature and the people who live nearby, ensuring that your visit leaves no negative trace.

Sources

https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/finnish-everyman-rights-the-right-to-roam
https://www.outinthenature.com/about-us/everymans-rights-in-finland/
https://www.ril.fi/media/everymans-right-in-finland.pdf

Weather Conditions and Clothing

Photo: Lapland UAS

Preparing for the Lapland climate

When preparing for a trip to Lapland, it’s essential to understand that the region’s climate can be extreme, especially in winter, and unpredictable in other seasons. To fully enjoy the outdoor activities and stunning natural landscapes, dressing appropriately for the weather is key. Here’s what you need to know:

Spring and Autumn in Lapland (April to May, September to October)

Spring and autumn in Lapland are shorter and bring milder temperatures compared to winter, but the weather can still be chilly, ranging from -5°C to +10°C (23°F to 50°F). Dressing in layers is still important during these transitional seasons. You’ll want to wear a combination of lightweight and insulating layers that you can easily adjust as temperatures fluctuate throughout the day. Windproof and waterproof outerwear is recommended, as sudden rain or sleet showers can occur. A sturdy pair of waterproof boots is also useful for walking through damp forests or muddy trails.

Summer in Lapland (June to August)

Regardless of the season, one item you should never forget in Lapland is insect repellent during the summer months. The region’s wetlands and forests attract mosquitoes and other insects, especially near lakes and rivers.

Winter in Lapland (November to March)

Winter in Lapland is long, cold, and dark, with temperatures often plunging well below freezing, sometimes as low as -30°C (-22°F) or even colder. Snow blankets the ground, and the region is often covered in frost and ice. In winter, the dry cold air can cause dehydration, so it’s important to drink plenty of water. At the same time, bringing a thermos with a warm drink is a good idea to stay warm during outdoor activities. To stay warm and comfortable, layering is crucial.

The Layering System

The layering system consists of three essential layers: a base layer, a mid-layer, and an outer layer. Each has a specific role in keeping you warm, dry, and protected from the elements.

1. Thermal Base Layer

The base layer is your first line of defense against the cold, and its main purpose is to wick moisture away from your skin. In Lapland, a thermal underlayer, also known as long underwear or thermals, is essential. Choose materials like merino wool or synthetic fabrics designed for moisture management. Avoid cotton, as it absorbs sweat and will leave you feeling cold and damp. In addition to wool, modern synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon blends are great choices because they provide warmth without the bulk, wick moisture away effectively, and dry quickly if they get wet.

A snug-fitting thermal top and bottoms should be worn directly against your skin. This layer helps to trap heat and keeps sweat from making you feel chilly. Thermals are crucial in winter, but even in the cooler months of spring and autumn, they add an extra level of comfort.

2. Insulating Mid-Layer

The mid-layer’s job is to trap body heat. In Lapland, this is particularly important as temperatures can drop to extreme lows, especially in winter. Good mid-layer options include fleece jackets, down sweaters, or wool sweaters. These materials create pockets of warm air around your body while still allowing moisture to escape from the base layer.

If you’re spending long periods outside in temperatures below freezing, consider wearing multiple insulating layers. For example, you might wear both a fleece and a wool sweater, depending on how cold it is.

3. Windproof and Waterproof Outer Layer

The outer layer is your shield against wind, rain, and snow. In Lapland, this layer needs to be both windproof and waterproof, as strong winds and heavy snowfall are common, especially during winter. Look for insulated jackets that have a waterproof shell or a hardshell jacket combined with your insulating layers for flexibility.

Your outer layer should be durable and cover areas prone to the cold, like your neck and wrists. Ensure that it has adjustable closures to seal out drafts and keep warmth in.

Clothing Essentials for Lapland

Warm Accessories: Don’t forget thermal gloves or mittens, a warm hat that covers your ears, and a scarf or neck warmer. Heat escapes quickly from your extremities, so keeping them insulated is key.
Insulated Footwear: Waterproof, insulated boots are a must in winter to prevent cold feet and frostbite, especially when walking on snow or ice. In other seasons, sturdy, waterproof hiking boots are ideal for trekking in wet or muddy terrain.
Wool Socks: A good pair of thick wool socks will keep your feet warm and dry, as they wick moisture better than cotton and provide insulation even when damp.

Additional Tips for Lapland Weather

Be prepared for quick changes: Lapland’s weather can shift rapidly, so even on warmer days, carry an extra layer in your backpack.
Stay dry: Wet clothes in cold weather can quickly lead to hypothermia. Ensure your outer layers are fully waterproof, and always have a dry set of thermal underlayers ready.
Adaptable Clothing: Clothes that are easy to adjust—such as jackets with zippers for ventilation or layering options like vests—will help you maintain comfort during both physical activity and periods of rest.

By planning for Lapland’s unpredictable climate and dressing in appropriate layers, you’ll be well-prepared to fully enjoy all the region has to offer, whether you’re chasing the Northern Lights, hiking under the midnight sun, or exploring its vast, snowy wilderness.

Sources

https://lapland.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/information/what-to-pack-for-lapland https://jollyfestive.com/lapland-packing-list

Mosquitoes and Insects

Photo: Lapland UAS

Practical tips

There are many different types of insects, both harmless and bloodthirsty, in all parts of Finland, that often makes it more difficult for nature enthusiasts to move around in the Finnish wilderness, such as mosquitoes, blackflies, ticks, elk lice etc. So, it is important to know how to dress yourself to avoid these insects and how to act if you get bitten or infected by any of them. So here is what you need to know to still be able to go out and enjoy the wilderness despite these small insects.

Mosquitoes and black flies

Mosquitoes and Black flies are some of the most common widespread insects, throughout all of Finland. These are especially troublesome during the warmer days in summer, and especially during dusk near lakes and open lands of water. If you know you are allergic to any of these insects, it is very important to dress appropriately so you won’t get bitten and get an allergic reaction to these bites. In the autumn it is possible to find these small insects known as elk lice on your clothes and in your hairline, while these may be uncomfortable, they are completely harmless.

To avoid getting bit by mosquitoes or black flies, while you move around in the forest or wilderness, you should dress with long sleeved shirts and long pants, and try to cover the majority of your skin, it is also a good idea to wear a mosquito net over your head, so you limit the insects access to bite you, it is also recommended to use some kind of mosquito repellent.

Use of insect repellents and insecticides

The use of vaporizing insecticides and insect repellents like Thermacell and Ryobi is prohibited in national parks and state-owned protected areas, when travelling on premade routes and trails, at breaks and campsites, and at lean-to shelters. This is because most of these facilities are located in protected areas, where it is important not to harm the ecosystem, especially when the facilities are located near protected water sources, since the active substances in the vaporizing insecticides is harmfull to the aquatic organisms pollinator insects, living in the area which is important for the wellbeing of the ecosystem. It should also be avoided so for the annoyance of other hikers who like to move around in the areas.

Only use the products approved by Turvallisuus- ja kemikaalivirasto (abbreviated: Tukes) in English: The Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency. These authorized products can be identified by Tukes permit number on the product; you should always follow the instructions for use of these products.

If necessary, conventional insect repellents which are applied or sprayed directly onto the skin, are also allowed to be used in protected areas.

Ticks: diseases and how to protect yourself from them

Ticks is not only a problem in the summer and warm days, as many believe they are, it is actually quite the opposite, they are active already from when the first soil has defrosted and keeps going until the late autumn, when the ground begins to freeze again. Although ticks can carry somewhat dangerous diseases and the risk of getting bitten by them is quite high, you should not be so scared of them as to stay indoors all summer, as the health benefits both physical and mentally far outweigh the risk and dangers of getting a tick bite and getting infected.

To prepare for moving outside in the tick seasons, especially if you move around in areas with a large number of ticks, such as archipelago forests and meadows, you should know how to dress yourself appropriately. Just as with mosquitoes and other bloodthirsty insects, you should wear long pants and sleeves, so as the ticks doesn´t have any access to your skin.

After a day of hiking in these areas it is important to check yourself, for ticks from top to bottom, since they the ticks can be anywhere on your body, but especially check thoroughly in the warmer parts of your body like, the kneecap, hips, groin, armpits, hairline, etc. You should also shake your clothes after use, to get rid of any ticks that might have gotten stuck to it.

If you are hiking with a dog or cat or any other animal, it is also important to check them very thoroughly, since they are like magnets for ticks, and have a chance to bring the small insects with them home and leave them on the furniture and other places in your home.

What to do if you get bitten by a tick

If you get bitten by a tick, you should try to get it off immediately, since the longer the tick stays the greater the risk of getting an infection becomes. The risk of infection increases by a long shot if the tick stays on your body for more than 24 hours.

The best tool for removing ticks is a pair of tick pliers. With these you need to get a hold of the tick as close to your skin as possible and slowly and carefully pull it out directly. Avoid twisting the pliers around the tick, since the head of the tick will have a chance to stay on your skin, and you will still be at risk of infection, so make sure you get all of the tick off of your skin. If you don´t have a pair of tick pliers, normal tweezers will also work fine.

For the next few weeks, you should observe the skin around the tick bite, to make sure that you didn´t get the infection, if a red ring starts forming around the bite you should seek immediate medical attention, and they will give you some antibiotics for the infection.

In short, you should be aware of the way you dress when you move around in the different areas and be aware of which kinds of insects live there and how to prepare for them, and how to act in case you get bitten.

Sources

https://www.nationalparks.fi/hikinginfinland/safety/insectpests

Drinking Water in Nature

How to ensure water quality

When moving around in the wilderness, it is important to always stay hydrated and making sure that the water you drink isn´t full of bacteria and pesticides. There is always a small risk of getting sick when you drink the water from lakes and rivers in the nature, since you don´t always know what lies further up from where you are, but here are some tips on how to ensure that, the water you drink is as safe and clean as possible.

What to look for and how to clean the water

The first thing to look at is how clear the water is. It is a good sign for clean water if the water in the lake or river itself is very clean, in this case you would in most cases be able to drink it right then and there. If the water looks murky and muddy, you should at least cook the water, to try and kill of the bacteria before drinking, here it would also be a good idea to add a cleaning tablet, like a calcium tablet to clean the water, these you can get in most convenient stores and pharmacies.

It is also important to look at the areas around the source to see if there are any dead animals lying around or if there is a lot of agriculture in the area, since this is a big source of pesticides and many different bacteria. If there is a lot of agriculture in the area, sometimes it would not be enough to boil or treat the water, but a better option might be to find a different place to find your drinking water.

A good tip to reduce the amount of dirt and other dirtiness in your drinking water is to take the water from a stream in a river, since the water here tends to be a bit cleaner and clearer than still water from a lake.

Washing dishes and bathing

Photo: Lapland UAS

To ensure that the water by your camp spot stays clean and drinkable, you should not wash your dishes or throw out your food leftovers in the water, since this will greatly decrease the quality of the water. Instead, you should wash it on land and away from the shoreline and use biodegradable soap. You should also not rinse and wash yourself off in the same area that you take your drinking water from, but should instead go further downstream if in a river, or find a different area of the lake, away from where you take your water, and avoid using any soap or other foreign substances that could enter the water, and decrease the quality of the drinking water.

In the end it all comes down to the individual’s own judgement of the quality of the water they are prepared to drink.

Sources

https://www.nationalparks.fi/hikinginfinland/whattopack/foodanddrink

Water Safety Knowledge for Outdoor Guides in Finland

Photo: Lapland UAS

Cold Water Risks: Finland’s lakes and coastal waters can be cold even in summer, posing a risk of hypothermia. Guides must recognize symptoms and know how to prevent and treat hypothermia.
Water Currents and Conditions: Familiarize yourself with the local water bodies. Lakes and rivers may appear calm but can have dangerous undercurrents, especially near inlets and outlets. Coastal areas may have strong tides or currents.
Life Jacket Requirements: Finnish law requires life jackets or personal flotation devices (PFDs) for every person in a boat. Guides must ensure all participants wear them and know how to use them properly.
Emergency Procedures: Know how to contact emergency services (112 in Finland) and perform basic water rescue techniques, including how to respond to a capsized boat or stranded swimmer.
Safe Boating Practices: Understand and follow the rules for boat navigation, such as keeping a safe distance from other vessels, proper boat loading, and controlling speed to prevent accidents.
Weather Awareness: Sudden weather changes are common in Finland. Guides should monitor weather forecasts, be aware of signs of storms, and have a plan for sheltering participants in case of sudden weather changes.
Ice Safety (Winter): During the colder months, understanding ice thickness and strength is crucial. Know how to read ice conditions and always test the ice before walking, skating, or snowmobiling on it.
Water Quality: While many lakes and rivers in Finland are clean, some may be contaminated or unsafe to drink from directly. Guides should ensure access to safe drinking water or bring filtration devices.
Wildlife Awareness: In some areas, be aware of local wildlife, like beavers, that may affect water safety. Also, birds may nest near water bodies and should not be disturbed.
First Aid Training: Be trained in water-specific first aid, including CPR, dealing with drowning incidents, and treating hypothermia.

Good sites to visit:

https://suh.fi/toiminta/rantaturvallisuus/
https://melontajasoutuliitto.fi/melonta/melonnan-turvallisuus/
https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780038

Water Safety Checklist for Outdoor Guides in Finland

Cold Water Safety: Know signs of hypothermia and prevention methods.
Water Conditions: Be aware of local water currents and dangerous areas.
Life Jackets: Ensure all participants wear a PFD.
Emergency Contact: Have emergency numbers and know rescue procedures.
Boating Safety: Follow proper boating protocols (navigation, loading, speed).
Weather Monitoring: Regularly check forecasts and prepare for rapid weather changes.
Ice Safety (Winter): Assess ice thickness before traveling on frozen lakes/rivers.
Water Quality: Confirm safe drinking sources or bring filtration.
Wildlife Caution: Be aware of animals that may pose a risk near water.
First Aid: Be equipped with water-specific first aid and CPR training.

This guide should help ensure that outdoor activities involving water in Finland are conducted safely and responsibly.

Rules for ski trails: Proper behavior on ski trails (according to Suomen Latu)

Cross-country ski trails belong to all skiers. Give everybody a change to ski at their own pace – and with their own style.
Remember the indicated direction and follow it. Pay attention to all signs and warnings along the trail.
The faster skier is responsible for overtaking safely and leaving enough space. On a two-way trail both skiers will give way.
Ski in a predictable manner. Look behind you before making a turn, stopping or changing trails. Do not cut directly in front of others.
Do not skate over the trail meant for classical style skiing. This will break the trail and ruin the skiing fun for others
Do not walk on the ski trail. The trail is only for skiing, including the middle part prepared for skating. It is forbidden to walk a dog on a ski track that is groomed for general use.
Help when needed. Everyone is obligated to assist other skiers who are injured or have fallen down.

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS:

https://www.suomenlatu.fi/media/ulkoilu/hiihto/tiedostot/suomen-ladun-latuetiketti- 2019-eng.pdf

Keeping Nature Clean; littering and waste management

“Take with you what you brought along.”

Small actions have big impacts

Everyone can help reduce littering with simple actions. Sort your trash into bins and collect litter left by others. Both nature and hikers benefit from litter-free excursions. Even as visitor numbers grow in national parks and other destinations, landfill waste has decreased thanks to litter-free hiking.

It reduces maintenance trips, lowering noise, emissions and soil erosion. This saves money and work, which can be redirected to improve trails and services for everyone’s enjoyment.

WHY should trash be sorted?

Waste in nature burdens the planet and destroys biodiversity, leading to the extinction of various species. Sorted waste becomes raw material for new products, reducing the use of virgin materials and the amount of landfill waste. Sorting hazardous waste prevents toxic and explosive materials from entering nature or landfills.

Everyone can impact the environment through their own actions. A simple solution is not to throw trash on the ground or in water but to use bins. Waste management in Finland is well organized, with bins available for different types of waste—just remember to use them.

Principles of Litter-Free Hiking

A hiker leaves no trace in nature.
Reduce waste at home by packing food in durable, reusable containers and bags. Avoid plastic and foil packaging from stores whenever possible.
Food scraps and other organic waste can be left in dry toilets or compost bins, if available. Burnable waste can be burned in a campfire. Always carry a bag for any
remaining waste to take it with you out of nature. If it’s impossible to carry food waste, you may bury a small amount in the soil.
Organic waste doesn’t belong in mixed-waste bins because it starts to smell and animals may scatter other trash while searching for enticing food waste from the bins.
Note! Event or camp organizers must collect and remove their own organic waste.
Small amounts of clean paper and cardboard can be used as kindling at a campfire site or in a cabin fireplace. Other waste—like packaging containing aluminum foil or plastic—shouldn’t be burned, as it can produce non-degradable waste and toxic gases.
Take refundable containers with you and return them to collection points at stores.
Clean (without food residue) packaging should be placed in the mixed packaging bin. If the collection point has a separate glass container, put glass packaging there.
Bring hazardous and mixed waste out of nature.
Items like batteries or accumulators belong in hazardous waste collection, not mixed waste bins.
Carry a small plastic bag for litter found in nature. Don’t leave your waste for someone else, but if you find litter left by others, do a good deed by picking it up.
A courteous smoker collects cigarette butts in their own container and empties it later into a trash bin.
Wet wipes can be used for personal hygiene. However, most wet wipes contain plastic, so don’t flush them but pack them in a small bag and take them out of nature. Packaging, pads and tampons should also be packed and removed from nature, as they take up to 75 years to decompose. Burning them produces toxic gases and non- degradable remains.
If using soap for washing yourself or dishes, use a basin or biodegradable products. Absorb the dirty water into the ground far from water bodies.
Using warm water, you might not need soap at all.
With pets in nature : place pet food packaging in the mixed packaging bin. Always carry a bag for pet waste. In public areas like hiking trails, campgrounds, fire pits and other prepared spots, the owner must clean up after their pet.
Dispose of pet waste in dry toilets or dig a hole far from water bodies, trails or campsites. Cover the hole with soil and plants.

Decomposition times for litter:

Cigarette butts : up to 10+ years
Plastic bag : up to 100 years, plastic bottle: up to 1000 years
Pea soup can : 200-500 years
Aluminum drink can : 200-1000 years
Glass lasts forever
Batteries last 200-1000 years
Cardboard cup and milk carton : 1-5 years
Paper tissue : 1-2 years
Gum : 20-25 years
Bag ties: hundreds of years

Do not leave the following items in nature or put them in any collection bin:

Hazardous waste : always take syringes and medicine residues with you, bring them to a waste station or hazardous waste collection point.
Electronic waste : broken mobile phones, GPS devices, cameras, etc., take with you and bring to the nearest electronic waste collection point or waste station.
Batteries and accumulators : deliver them for free to any store that sells and accepts them for disposal.

Using Reflectors: Staying safe in the dark

It is difficult to spot pedestrians and cyclists moving in the dark. A reflector helps to be seen in traffic, and by law a pedestrian must usually use a reflector when moving in the dark. There are different reflectors and suitable for many styles.

Photo: Tommi Haapakangas

Motorist and pedestrian in traffic

A motorist driving with dipped headlights only detects a person walking without a reflector from about 50 meters away, while a pedestrian’s reflector can already be seen from a distance of 350 meters.

A motorist driving with high beams can see a pedestrian on a dark road without a reflector from

Correct use of the reflector

Use two or more reflectors at the same time to improve visibility. Reflectors should be visible on both sides of the body. When you walking on the road, put reflectors primarily on the side facing the road so that motorists can see you better. There are different types of reflectors and it is important to know how to put them in the right place to maximize their functionality

Place the Hanging reflectors so that the reflector part is at knee height
The reflective vest is the most visible reflector, as it reflects from all directions
Attach a stretch or spring reflector to either wrist or arm, so you can see from all directions.
The reflector can also be attached to the leg if several reflectors are used.
If you have a pet with you, remember to wear a reflector for the pet as well

What is a Proper Reflector?

The sales package of the relevant reflector contains the following information:

CE marking
EN 17353:2020
the information of the body that performed the type inspection
instructions
manufacturer.

Respect for Plants and Animals: Protecting endangered species

It’s important for everyone working in Finland to understand the importance of environmental protection. One part of that is to recognize and understand the meaning of endangered species. Endangered species in Finland are listed by law, and they can be observed in the Red List of Finnish species, which can be found on the internet. It’s good to educate yourself about these species before you go to nature, so you don’t accidentally cause any harm. Finnish law prohibits any destruction or degradation of endangered species and their habitants.

Important things to remember:

Do not disturb the wildlife: Keep safe distance when encountering animals in the wild and avoid loud noises. Also stay away from any nests or breeding sites.
Avoid picking or damaging plants: Only pick up plants that you know are not
- endangered and avoid touching or walking over species that you’re not sure of.
Know where you’re going: In Finland there are nine habitant types that are
- protected under the Nature Conservation Act. It’s strictly prohibited to jeopardize their areas and that’s why it’s important to know where you are.
Leave no trace: Best way to protect the environment is to leave it as it was before visiting. So, take out all the waste and avoid damage to plants.Make ecological choices: All the choices you do to protect the environment help the endangered species to survive.
Educate others: Best thing you can do is to raise awareness and educate others on the matter. It’s not enough that one person knows about the subject, we need everyone to be aware.

Here you can find the Red List of Finnish species:

https://punainenkirja.laji.fi/en

Safety and Emergencies

Photo: Tommi Haapakangas

In everything you do, safety should be your top priority. That’s why it’s important to be educated on the safety matter and know what to do in case of emergency. Planning everything beforehand makes things a lot easier when something goes wrong. Always make sure that you’ve prepared everything before you perform any activities.

Route planning:

Always plan out your route before going out for a hike, a nature tour or a boat trip. It’s necessary to know where you’re going and what kind of terrain, weather conditions and obstacles you’re going to face along your trip. That way you know if it’s possible for you to complete the route or if you have to make different plans. Also, you need to have preferable many maps (if one gets lost) and compasses and the ability to read them if you’re going on a trip in remote locations. There are many areas where you cannot get any connection via phone, so it’s necessary to be able to navigate in these areas without a phone. In locations where there is connection you will be able to use GPS and digital maps. In addition, always inform someone where you’re headed before the trip incase you get lost. That way people know where they can start searching.

Emergency number and first aid:

Finland’s emergency number is 112 and it’s used for all kinds of emergencies. It works everywhere, even with bad connections. It’s recommended to download 112 Suomi app which automatically will share your GPS location with emergency services. You should always carry first aid equipment on all kinds of trips and have basic first aid skills.

Especially in remote areas it can take a long time for the emergency services to arrive. That’s why it’s important to be able to keep the patient warm, hydrated and conscious even in serious cases.

Precautions:

It’s essential to use common sense when going outdoors for a hike or a nature trip. Make sure you and everyone else has proper clothing and equipment for the conditions.

Assess your group’s ability to perform different tasks and plan hikes according to their experience level. Always keep your group together especially during bad weather conditions. Always make sure everyone stays hydrated and fueled: dehydration or low- blood sugar can cause serious accidents or conditions.

Winter clothing, preparation & the dark and bright nights in Lapland

Photo: Lapland UAS

Winter Clothing: The Essentials for Surviving the Arctic Cold

Winter temperatures in Lapland can fall well below -20°C, and the region often experiences harsh winds, snow, and long periods of darkness. Appropriate clothing is critical to avoid hypothermia and frostbite and ensure the comfort of both guides and guests.

The key to warmth and comfort is layering

Base Layer:

Purpose: Wick moisture away from the skin to prevent cooling down from sweat.
Materials: Merino wool or synthetic thermal materials.
Advice: Avoid cotton as it keeps the moisture and loses its insulating properties when wet.

Mid Layer:

Purpose: Insulate the body by keeping the heat inside your mid layer.
Materials: Fleece or down jackets. Down is lightweight and highly insulating, but wool or synthetic fibers can be more sustainable and perform better when wet.

Outer Layer:

Purpose: Provide protection from wind, snow, and rain.
Materials: Waterproof, windproof, and breathable fabrics like Gore-Tex or similar membranes.

Accessories:

Gloves and Mittens: Insulated, waterproof mittens are typically warmer than gloves.
This because alle the fingers are together in mittens, they warm each other. It is possible to bring an inner liner glove to have better dexterity.
Hats and Neck Warmers: A warm hat (preferably wool or synthetic) that covers the ears, and a buff or balaclava to protect the face.
Footwear: Insulated, waterproof boots designed for snow (snow boots). Wool socks or thermal synthetic socks should be worn to keep feet dry and warm. You can layer two socks on each together to keep warm.
Goggles and Sunglasses: Protect your eyes from snow glare, bright sun, or snowstorms. Use UV-protective sunglasses or goggles with snow-rated lenses.

How to Educate Guests on Dressing for Winter

Pre-trip Briefing: Include detailed clothing recommendations in pre-trip materials and stress the importance of correct gear beforehand. This will decrease the risk of an accident due to cold exposure.
Inspection: Before each activity, check that all participants are appropriately dressed. As a guide it is helpful to provide spare items if needed.
Adjustments During the Trip: Teach guests about how to regulate body temperature by adjusting layers, especially after physical exertion or during long periods of stillness.

Preparation for Lapland’s Extreme Winter Conditions

Weather Challenges

Cold: Average winter temperatures in Lapland range between -15°C and -25°C, but a strong wind can make it feel much colder. Be aware of the forecast and prepare for sudden weather changes.

Wind: As mentioned before winds can increase the cold, causing a dangerous drop in perceived temperature and increasing the risk of frostbite.

Snow: Snow depth varies, and heavy snowfall can make terrain difficult to navigate. Teach participants how to move through deep snow, especially with snowshoes or skis. Be familiar with snow shelters in case of emergencies.

Darkness and Light: The polar night means near-continuous darkness in mid-winter, while the Midnight Sun brings 24-hour daylight in summer. Guides need to be equipped with appropriate lighting tools (headlamps, etc.) and prepare guests for the psychological effects of extended darkness or light.

Navigating Lapland’s Wilderness

Maps and GPS: GPS devices are vital but do not entirely replace a good map and compass. Teach guests basic orienteering skills to create confidence and safety.
Emergency Kits: Always carry a first-aid kit, thermal blankets, fire-starting tools, and extra food are a must have.
Wildlife Encounters: Respect local wildlife, particularly reindeer and large predators such as bears or wolves and inform guests about responsible behaviour to minimize disturbance and avoid danger.
Emergency shelters: Find out before the trip whether there are shelters nearby in case of an emergency. Write who you are, an emergency phone number, from where you are coming and where you are going to in the logbook. (Emergency rescuers will look into this first.) Leave the shelter in the same state you would like to when you come in.

Darkness and Birght Nigths: Adapting to Polar Day and Polar Night

Polar Night:

Occurs from December to January.
The sun does not rise above the horizon for several weeks. However, twilight hours (blue light) occur for a few hours during midday.
The long periods of darkness can affect energy levels and mood, so it’s important to prepare yourself and your guests for this. Quests can buy vitamins in advance to help with a low exposure of sunlight.
Lighting: Equip everyone with powerful headlamps, as well as reflective clothing for safety during outdoor excursions.

Midnight Sun:

From May to July, the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours a day.
While this continuous light can be energizing, it may disrupt sleep patterns for visitors. Advise guests to use blackout masks or curtains in accommodation to manage their rest cycles.
Sunglasses are also essential to protect the eyes from bright light at unexpected hours.

Preparing Guests for Darkness and Bright Nights

Mental Preparation: Explain to guests how these light cycles affect the environment and their own biological rhythms. Encourage mindfulness, including regular sleep schedules, to combat any negative effects.
Winter Darkness and Light Tourism: Polar nights bring opportunities for unique tourism, such as stargazing, viewing the Northern Lights (Aurora), and participating in evening activities like snowshoeing and night safaris. Similarly, the Midnight Sun allows for round-the-clock hiking and photography, making summer just as special.

Sustainable Clothing Choices

Encourage guests to rent, borrow or buy (if they are going to outdoor activities more regularly) high-quality outdoor gear, reducing the need for short-term purchases.
Promote eco-friendly clothing brands that use sustainable materials like recycled polyester or organic wool.
Teach proper care and repair techniques for winter gear to extend its life and reduce waste.

Respecting Europe’s indigenous people

The Sámi are Europe’s only recognized indigenous people, with their traditional homeland, Sápmi, spanning northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. In total there are 75,000- 100,000 Sámi and around 10,000 of them live in Finland. With a rich cultural heritage that includes reindeer herding, traditional handicrafts (duodji), music (joik), and a deep connection to nature, Sámi culture offers a unique perspective on living in harmony with the environment.

However, their history has not been without challenges. For centuries, the Sámi have faced colonization, cultural suppression, and forced assimilation by the states surrounding them. Even today, the fight to protect their land, rights, and cultural traditions continues.

Engaging with Modern Sámi Culture

While steeped in tradition, contemporary Sámi society is dynamic and evolving. Sámi-run festivals, museums, and cultural centers offer visitors the opportunity to learn firsthand about their history and current life. Events like the Riddu Riđđu Festival celebrate Sámi music, art, and storytelling, combining traditional elements with modern interpretations.

By visiting Sámi-run businesses, supporting their art, and learning from Sámi voices, you contribute to the protection and promotion of this remarkable culture.

Engaging with Sámi Culture Responsibly

To fully appreciate and support Sámi culture, it’s important to understand the difference between cultural appreciation and appropriation. Here’s how you can ensure your engagement is respectful:

Learn the history: Before engaging with any aspect of Sámi culture, familiarize yourself with their history. Understanding their struggles with cultural suppression, colonization, and their ongoing fight for land and political rights helps frame why protecting their traditions is important.
Participate with respect: Attending Sámi-led events and tours is a great way to experience their culture. However, be mindful of how you participate. Always follow the guidance of Sámi leaders regarding the use of sacred symbols, songs, or traditional dress.
Support Sámi voices: When learning about Sámi culture, prioritize resources, tours, and museums that are Sámi-led or Sámi-owned. This ensures that the knowledge you gain is authentic and that your support goes back to the community.

Using elements of Sámi culture with permission

What is Cultural Appropriation?

Cultural appropriation occurs when elements of a culture are taken out of context or used without permission, often by those in a more dominant position, and without understanding the deeper meanings behind these traditions. For the Sámi, things like traditional clothing (gákti), symbols, and music can sometimes be used improperly by outsiders, turning them into fashion statements or commodities rather than honoring their cultural significance.

How to Respect Sámi Culture

When engaging with Sámi culture, it’s important to remember that many of their practices and symbols carry deep spiritual and communal meaning. Here are some ways to engage respectfully:

Ask for permission: Whether it’s wearing a gákti or using Sámi symbols, always seek guidance from Sámi individuals or communities. These cultural elements have specific meanings that are often tied to personal or community identity.
Buy authentic: Support Sámi artisans by purchasing authentic duodji (Sámi handicrafts). This not only ensures you are receiving quality items, but it also supports the continuation of traditional craftsmanship.
Avoid imitations: Be wary of mass-produced items that mimic Sámi designs without permission. These are often commercially produced without regard for their cultural or symbolic value.

Practical Tips for Respecting Sámi Culture

Respect the gákti: The gákti is more than just clothing; it is often tied to family, region, and identity. Wearing one without permission or understanding is inappropriate.
Ask questions: Don’t be afraid to ask Sámi people about their culture, but always do so with respect and an open mind.
Be conscious of symbolism: Many Sámi symbols, like the sun cross, hold deep meanings. Avoid using these without understanding their significance.
Engage in responsible tourism: Choose Sámi-led tours and activities to ensure your experience is authentic and beneficial to the community.

Consultation and Involvement of the Sámi Community

Engaging the Sámi community in decisions that impact their lives and land is essential to respecting their rights and culture. The Sámi are Indigenous people spread across northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and parts of Russia, and their identity is closely connected to the land and traditional practices like reindeer herding. However, their rights to participate in decision- making have often been overlooked, especially on issues related to land use, natural resources, and cultural preservation.

One of the main ways the Sámi voice is represented is through the Sámi Parliaments in Finland, Norway, and Sweden, known as the Sámediggi. These parliaments play a major role in advocating for Sámi rights related to language, culture, and land usage. However, genuine consultation goes beyond speaking with the Sámi Parliament itself; it involves a deeper engagement with Sámi communities directly impacted by decisions, such as local reindeer herders, elders, and community leaders who carry valuable knowledge about the land and sustainable practices.

Consultation with the Sámi community also means respecting the principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), which is emphasized in international agreements like the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). FPIC ensures that Sámi communities have the right to agree to or reject projects that affect their lands. For example, development projects like mining, forestry, and tourism in Sámi regions can have lasting impacts on traditional livelihoods, especially reindeer herding, which is central to Sámi culture. By involving the Sámi in decision-making, governments can help safeguard Sámi traditions and promote more sustainable land use.

On a broader level, organizations like the Saami Council work to make sure that Sámi voices are represented internationally, since the Sámi people live across multiple countries. This kind of cross-border cooperation is important in addressing shared challenges like climate change, which greatly impacts Arctic and Indigenous populations.

Overall, engaging the Sámi community in decisions affecting their lives and land is an ongoing process. It requires continuous and respectful dialogue, recognizing the value of Sámi knowledge, and supporting their autonomy. Through these efforts, governments and organizations can help protect Sámi culture and support their rights in a meaningful way.

Sources:

Anaya, J. (2012). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples: The situation of the Sámi people in the Sápmi region of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. United Nations Human Rights Council.

United Nations. (2007). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). United Nations.

Understanding Sámi Culture

As a university student, engaging with the rich cultural heritage of the Sámi people offers invaluable insights into indigenous rights, traditions, and contemporary challenges. Education related to Sámi culture is essential for fostering cultural awareness and promoting respect for the rights of the Sámi community.

The Sámi Parliament (Sámediggi) serves as a vital institution for the representation and advocacy of Sámi interests in Finland. It plays a crucial role in promoting education that accurately reflects Sámi history, language, and cultural practices. By incorporating Sámi perspectives into educational curricula, we can combat stereotypes and misinformation, paving the way for a more inclusive society. The Sámediggi’s commitment to cultural education is reflected in its initiatives to teach Sámi languages and traditions in schools, ensuring that younger generations remain connected to their heritage.

Furthermore, the broader context of Arctic Indigenous Peoples highlights the shared experiences of indigenous communities in the Arctic region, including the Sámi. Organizations dedicated to the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples emphasize the importance of preserving their cultures through education. This not only aids in cultural survival but also encourages mutual respect among diverse communities.

The Sámi Council, an international organization representing Sámi interests, advocates for the inclusion of Sámi culture and rights in global discussions. Their work reinforces the need for educational programs that recognize the unique contributions of the Sámi to the Arctic landscape and their sustainable practices. This perspective fosters a sense of responsibility among students and scholars alike to engage with indigenous knowledge systems, particularly regarding environmental stewardship and resource management.

In conclusion, cultural awareness and education about Sámi culture are vital for fostering a deeper understanding of the rights and realities faced by the Sámi people. By promoting Sámi language, traditions, and perspectives within educational frameworks, we can contribute to a more equitable society that honors the diversity of cultural identities. As students, we have a responsibility to advocate for the inclusion of Sámi narratives and ensure that the voices of indigenous peoples are heard and respected in both local and global contexts.

Sources:

Saami Council. (2023). The Indigenous World: The Saami Council. Saami Council. Taken from https://www.saamicouncil.net/indigenous-world

Sámi Parliament (Sámediggi). (n.d.). About Sámi culture and rights. Sámi Parliament. Taken from

https://www.samediggi.fi/en

Avoiding Stereotypes and Acknowledging Product Origins

In the realm of marketing and communication, particularly concerning indigenous cultures such as that of the Sámi people, it is essential to approach the promotion of products with sensitivity and respect. As a university student studying these issues, I recognize that effective marketing not only requires a deep understanding of the products themselves but also an awareness of the cultural contexts from which they originate.

When marketing products associated with Sámi culture—such as traditional crafts, clothing, or food—it is vital to avoid perpetuating stereotypes that can misrepresent the community and its heritage. This requires a commitment to authenticity and transparency in how these products are presented to consumers. By emphasizing the unique characteristics of Sámi craftsmanship and the stories behind each product, marketers can honor the traditions and values of the Sámi people while providing consumers with a genuine connection to their purchases.

Furthermore, acknowledging the origins of products is crucial in fostering respect for Sámi culture. Many products are deeply rooted in local practices and materials, reflecting the unique relationship between the Sámi and their environment. By highlighting the origins of these products in marketing materials, businesses can educate consumers about the significance of these items within Sámi culture. This not only enriches the consumer’s experience but also promotes a sense of ethical consumption that supports indigenous communities.

The Sámi Parliament (Sámediggi) plays an important role in advocating for the rights of Sámi producers and ensuring that their cultural heritage is not exploited. Collaboration with Sámi organizations can enhance marketing strategies, ensuring that products are marketed in a way that is respectful and aligned with the community’s values. This collaboration can help to develop guidelines that marketers can follow, which prioritize the integrity of Sámi culture and the authenticity of the products being offered.

Additionally, the Sámi Council’s international perspective emphasizes the importance of cross- cultural understanding in marketing. It advocates for practices that do not romanticize or commodify indigenous cultures but instead celebrate their richness and diversity. By fostering genuine narratives around Sámi products, marketers can help dismantle stereotypes and encourage consumers to appreciate the true cultural significance behind what they purchase.

In conclusion, marketing and communication strategies involving Sámi culture must prioritize authenticity and respect. By avoiding stereotypes and acknowledging the origins of products, we can promote a more nuanced understanding of Sámi heritage and support the economic empowerment of the Sámi community. As students and future professionals, we hold the responsibility to advocate for ethical marketing practices that honor indigenous cultures and their contributions to the global marketplace.

Sources:

Sámi Parliament. (n.d.). Sámi culture and rights. Taken from https://www.samediggi.fi/en/

Sámi Council. (2021). The Indigenous World 2021: Sámi Council report. Taken from https://www.samicouncil.net/

Arctic Indigenous Peoples. (n.d.). Information on indigenous peoples of the Arctic, including the Sámi. Taken from https://www.arcticpeoples.org/

The Sámi, as an indigenous people, have their own unique culture that in Finland is safeguarded by Constitution of Finland, other acts and virtue of international treaties.

Sámi Parliament

The Sámi people have self-determination to freely decide on their political, social and economic matters. Every four years the Sámi elect 21 people from among themselves to the Sámi parliament that works as the representative body of the Sámi people. They discuss with the authorities on matters that may affect the status of the Sámi as an indigenous people. The Sámi parliament make decisions and supervise the rights of their language and culture protected in the constitution.

Language

Big part of their culture is the language. In Finland, there are three different Sámi languages: North Sámi, Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi. The Sámi have right to maintain and develop their languages. The right is provided in the Constitution and in Sámi Language Act. According to that act, they have the right to use Sámi language with authorities in their homeland. Authorities have to draw up and introduce all announcements, signs and forms in Sámi language. Outside their homeland all announcements and forms that mainly concern the Sámi people have to be given in Sámi languages. In their homeland teaching language in most schools have to be Sámi. Schools outside the Sámi homeland don’t have to offer Sámi language teaching at all but it is recommended.

Reindeer Husbandry

Economically the most important Sámi culture’s livelihood is reindeer husbandry. The Reindeer Husbandry Act applies to the whole reindeer husbandry area including the Sámi homeland. Everyone living in that area has a right for reindeer husbandry and no one outside of it does, no matter if you are a Sámi or not. According to the Act, government’s land areas intended mainly for reindeer husbandry may not be used in ways that could damage it. In that area, all damage made by reindeers won’t be repaid.

Reindeer husbandry area of Finland is divided into 54 Reindeer Herders’ Associations. Every association is in charge of reindeer herders and reindeers of their own area. Reindeers are allowed to graze and take their food freely from nature in those areas regardless of who owns them. The amount of living reindeers in each association’s area is provided in Reindeer Husbandry Act. Every reindeer has to be marked with either the owner’s sign or association’s sign. In Finland, every reindeer belongs to someone!

Fishing and hunting

Fishing and hunting are also big livelihood for the Sámi people. In Finland, you can fish for free in waters that you own or with a permission from the owner of the waters. If you want to fish in the waters of the government, you need to buy a fishing right. You can find those here: eraluvat.fi/en/fisheries-management-fee .

All inhabitants of Enontekiö, Inari and Utsjoki are allowed to fish for free in the waters of the government. The Skolt Sámi Act provides that every Skolt Sámi has a right to fish in the waters of the government in the Skolt Sámi area.

Rights and permits about hunting in the Sámi areas are provided in the Constitution, in the Nature Conservation Act and in the Hunting Act. A person who lives in Lapland is allowed to hunt for free in government’s land in their home city. Every nature reserve has their own rules of hunting. There are times and areas for each animal when and where hunting them is allowed. You can find the list here: riista.fi/en/hunting/open-seasons .

Duodji, Joik and Gákti

Duodji (traditional handicraft), Joik (traditional music) and Gákti (traditional clothing) are examples of important ways for the Sámi to represent their culture and history as an indigenous people. Provisions on the right to maintain and develop the Sámi culture are laid down in the Constitution. There is not a law that prohibits a non-Sámi people of using traditional Sámi culture things but it is usually seen as very offensive. It is good to understand that it is a big part of their identity and carries great meaning and respect.

Sources:

The Sámi parliament, Areas of Expertise (Read 26.9.2024) samediggi.fi/en

Ministry of justice Finland, Rights of the Sámi People (Read 25.9.2024) oikeusministerio.fi/en/rights-of-the-sami-people

Kai T. Kokko (2010), Kysymyksiä saamelaisten oikeusasemasta, pages 18-24, 120-184

Valtioneuvosto (2021), Suomen arktisen politiikan strategia, pages 42-46 julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/2021_53.pdf

Valtioneuvoston kanslia (2017), Saamelaisten oikeuksien toteutuminen: kansainvälinen oikeusvertaileva tutkimus, pages 22-85 julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/Saamelaisten-oikeuksien-toteutuminen.pdf

Finlex, Suomen perustuslaki (1999/731), Saamen kielilaki (2003/1086), Poronhoitolaki (1990/848), Luonnonsuojelulaki (9/2023), Kalastuslaki (2015/379), Kolttalaki (1995/253), Metsästyslaki (1993/615) www.finlex.fi/fi

Guide’s Responsibility for Safety

The guide is responsible for ensuring that all customers remain safe during the tour. Safety begins with planning and continues throughout the tour. Here are the key responsibilities of a guide

1. Planning and Preparation

Before the tour begins, the guide must plan the trip carefully.

Know the route: The guide must be familiar with the terrain, weather conditions, and potential hazards.
Conduct a risk analysis: Think about what could go wrong and how to prepare for it (e.g., bad weather, injuries).
Have a backup plan: Plan what to do if things don’t go as expected.

2. Provide Safety Instructions

Before the tour starts, the guide must explain to the group how to stay safe.

Clear instructions: Explain what to do in an emergency, how to use the equipment, and how to act in dangerous situations.
Assess your group: Ensure that the difficulty level of the tour is suitable for all participants.

3. Service Provider’s Responsibilities

The company offering the tour must also ensure safety.

Follow laws and regulations: The service must comply with travel industry safety standards.
Insurance and permits: The company and the guide must have the necessary insurance and permits.

4. Equipment Check

The guide must ensure that all equipment is in good condition and safe to use.

Check the equipment: Make sure all gear used during the tour (such as helmets or climbing equipment) is in good condition.
Safety gear for everyone: Every participant must have the necessary protective equipment.

5. Emergency Response

The guide must be ready to act if something happens during the tour.

First aid: The guide must know how to administer first aid.
Rescue plan: Know how to call for help and what to do in an emergency (e.g., injury, getting lost).

6. Collaboration and Communication

The guide must stay in contact with local authorities and follow local regulations.

Follow local laws: For example, nature reserves or indigenous areas may have specific regulations.
Inform your clients: Let the group know about potential risks and how to prepare for them.

7. Continuous Learning

The guide must continuously improve their skills and knowledge.

Training: The guide should participate in regular safety training.
Update your knowledge: Stay informed about new trends and potential new risks in the travel industry.

Summary

The guide’s role is to ensure the safety of their clients throughout the tour. This includes careful planning, risk management, and providing instructions. The guide must also have a plan for emergencies and comply with all travel industry safety standards.

Sources:

https://www.adventuresmart.nz/land/the-land-safety-code https://www.suomenlatu.fi/ohjaajille/tukea-retkeilyn-ohjaajalle.html

Outdoor Guide in Finnish Lapland

Authors

Tommi Haapakangas

Students

Metadata

Table of Contents

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Welcome to the Outdoor Guide Book

Authors

Labour Laws for Seasonal Workers in Finland

Work Permits and Visas

Employment Contracts

Wages and Working Hours

Rights and Protections

Taxation of Seasonal Workers in Finland

Residency Status for Tax Purposes

Tax Identification

Filing and Documentation

Social Security

Compliance and Penalties

Everyman’s Rights – What is allowed and not allowed in nature

Everyone’s rights in nature reserves

National Parks:

Mire Reserves:

Smaller reserves:

Strict Nature Reserves and Seal Reserves:

Respecting the Environment

Considering the fragile Arctic nature

Important points from Outdoor Etiquette For The Homeland Of The Sámi

Outdoor etiquette

Arctic nature

The Sámi Cultural Environment

Reindeer

Favour authentic local services

Hunting and Fishing – Permits and regulations

Hunting permission

Fishing permissions

National Parks and Trails

How to behave in national parks

Campfire Rules

Regulations regarding campfires

Encountering Wildlife

Traveling on Private Land

Respecting landowners’ rights

Weather Conditions and Clothing

Preparing for the Lapland climate

Spring and Autumn in Lapland (April to May, September to October)

Summer in Lapland (June to August)

Winter in Lapland (November to March)

The Layering System

Clothing Essentials for Lapland

Additional Tips for Lapland Weather

Mosquitoes and Insects

Practical tips

Mosquitoes and black flies

Use of insect repellents and insecticides

Ticks: diseases and how to protect yourself from them

What to do if you get bitten by a tick

Drinking Water in Nature

How to ensure water quality

What to look for and how to clean the water

Washing dishes and bathing

Water Safety Knowledge for Outdoor Guides in Finland

Water Safety Checklist for Outdoor Guides in Finland

Rules for ski trails: Proper behavior on ski trails (according to Suomen Latu)

Keeping Nature Clean; littering and waste management

Small actions have big impacts

WHY should trash be sorted?

Principles of Litter-Free Hiking

Decomposition times for litter:

Do not leave the following items in nature or put them in any collection bin:

Using Reflectors: Staying safe in the dark

Motorist and pedestrian in traffic

Correct use of the reflector

What is a Proper Reflector?

Respect for Plants and Animals: Protecting endangered species

Important things to remember:

Safety and Emergencies

Route planning:

Emergency number and first aid: